2.2. Freezing rate
The speed of the movement of ice front (IIR, 1972)
was used to determine the rate of freezing of the meat
samples. The method measured the distance from the
surface of a sample to its thermal centre, divided by the
time elapsed from when the surface reached 0 C to
when the thermal centre reached a temperature 10 C
colder than the initial freezing point temperature.
2.3. pH
pH was measured by means of an Ingold spear electrode
(John Morris Scientific Ltd., New Zealand) and a
230A Orion pH meter (Orion Research Inc., Boston,
MA). The probe was inserted directly into the minced
samples at three different locations, and the pH measured.
2.4. Protein solubility
Protein solubility (total, myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic)
was determined as described by Farouk and
Swan (1998a).