. Through a combination
of stochastic and optimization models, OR work
in this area has generated significant additional revenues
for the airlines ever since the late 1980s. Moreover,
revenue management continues to be a field in
which airlines are vying intensively for competitive
advantage. Section 4 surveys selected applications of
OR to the study, planning, and design of the two
major pieces of aviation infrastructure, the airports
system and the air traffic management (ATM) system.
Historically the emphasis here has been on stochastic
models, as the questions addressed have focused
on capacity, delays, and safety under conditions in
which the probabilistic characteristics of the input
parameters play a dominant role