Of course, it is also possible that the entrepreneurial actor has existing direct ties to other actors across national borders that do not rely on the indirect ties that brokers provide. In either case, we believe the existence of cross-border weak direct or indirect (i.e., brokered) ties can positively and significantly moderate the speed of venture internationalization. If an entrepreneur already has such ties when he or she discovers or enacts an opportunity, the initial foreign entry may occur with unusual speed. If the ties are yet to be established, internationalization is likely to be slowed.