(1991). Jones’ proposition postulates that non-discretionary accru-als depend on the firm’s economic situation. However, this modelhas been criticised due to the fact that firms with extreme levelsof performance are more likely to report misspecified, unexpectedaccruals estimated by the Jones Model (Dechow, Sloan, & Sweeney,1995, Shivakumar, 1996).In order to mitigate problems, and following Chan, Jegadeesh,and Sougiannis (2004) who indicate that the Jones Cash Flow modelis a better model for detecting earnings management than the Jonesmodel, we first estimate discretionary accruals by using theJones Cash Flow Model (Eq. (1)):