Abstract
The use of microorganisms to destroy, or reduce the concentration of, hazardous wastes on a contaminated site is called bioremediation.
Such a biological treatment system has various applications, including, clean up of contaminated sites such as water,
soils, sludges, and waste streams. The treatment of the Alaskan shoreline of Prince Williams Sound after the oil spill of Exxon
Valdez in 1989 is one common example in which bioremediation methods got public attention. There are numerous other success
stories of bioremediation in cleaning up chemical spills, leaking underground storage tanks of gasoline, and many toxic industrial
euents. This paper outlines the various factors, including scienti®c, non-scienti®c, and regulatory, that limit the use of bioremediation
technologies. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.