The task is an adaptation of tasks employed in Chnw (I983), Fatseas and Hirst (I992). and Lee et al. (1997). A simple decoding task with an arithmetic element was chosen because all subjects would have the skills to do it but would still have to exert mental effort. Using A and Z codes (although essentially the same task) was employed to give subjects‘ choice in how they went about completing each work period. The Z codes were made more difficult to represent a lower-level worker doing essentially the same job but “going the extra mile.“