Hence Cicero’s stark distinction between
the ethical duties of public and private,
‘active’ and ‘passive’, citizens. For Cicero
moral duties are specific to particular types of
person and their public roles (Hellegouarc’h,
1963: 152–6). His major ethical treatise,
revered by the early moderns as ‘Tully’s
Offices’, is explicitly directed towards the
personal ethical demands of this public citizen.
By developing the great Stoic attributes
of constantia and apathaeia he is to be made
capable at once of personal self-assertion
and of civic self-control. And he is to understand
that the quest to enlarge his own dignitas
is secondary to his quest to maintain
Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors 95
SISIN05.QXD 7/17/02 11:45 AM Page 95
the dignitas of the city (Burchell, 1998).
Cicero’s political theory, when he resorts to
that style of argument, also serves as a kind
of leash for the man of dignitas, a method
for domesticating the beast. In his De Re
Publica he describes his ideal statesman.
This individual should regard himself as a
pilot (gubernator), ensuring the safety of the
passengers, rather than as a military hero,
ensuring their own immortality through
glory: his reward will come in another life.9
Yet Cicero is always disappointed by the
incapacity of the ‘great men’ of his time to
submit themselves to this form of selfconstraint:
instead, they always want to rule,
‘like kings’, by the force of their own
personality.
Hence Cicero’s stark distinction betweenthe ethical duties of public and private,‘active’ and ‘passive’, citizens. For Ciceromoral duties are specific to particular types ofperson and their public roles (Hellegouarc’h,1963: 152–6). His major ethical treatise,revered by the early moderns as ‘Tully’sOffices’, is explicitly directed towards thepersonal ethical demands of this public citizen.By developing the great Stoic attributesof constantia and apathaeia he is to be madecapable at once of personal self-assertionand of civic self-control. And he is to understandthat the quest to enlarge his own dignitasis secondary to his quest to maintainAncient Citizenship and its Inheritors 95SISIN05.QXD 7/17/02 11:45 AM Page 95the dignitas of the city (Burchell, 1998).Cicero’s political theory, when he resorts tothat style of argument, also serves as a kindof leash for the man of dignitas, a methodfor domesticating the beast. In his De RePublica he describes his ideal statesman.This individual should regard himself as apilot (gubernator), ensuring the safety of thepassengers, rather than as a military hero,ensuring their own immortality throughglory: his reward will come in another life.9Yet Cicero is always disappointed by theincapacity of the ‘great men’ of his time tosubmit themselves to this form of selfconstraint:instead, they always want to rule,‘like kings’, by the force of their ownpersonality.
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