CONCLUSION It is evident that a great need exists for more experimental and quasi-experimental studies on pedagogical approaches in enhancing ELLs’ vocabulary knowledge. Future research that explores the impact of cultural, linguistic, literacy, and socio-economic factors on vocabulary learning among ELLs will also extend the knowledge base in this area. In addition, efficacious methods in vocabulary measurement and assessment also constitute an important research area. Similarly, studies that integrate multiple components of vocabulary learning will yield more authentic results.