In the study, the adaptations including shifts in sowing date and changes in crop cultivars photo-thermal traits were explicitly accounted for when quantifying climate impacts on crop growth and yields. The contributions of other adaptations such as improvements in varieties, technology, management and policy to crop yield were implicitly described by a non-climatic factor linear trend, i.e., ˇ1in Eqs. (2)–(8). Using data on management prac-tices from experimental stations may have impacted the results and obscure our ability to detect adaptation to climate change in an explicit manner.