Demographic details, as well as antenatal and perinatal history including iron and folic acid supplementation received by the mother during pregnancy, were noted. Nutritional status of the mother was determined by measuring weight, height, and body mass index after at least 48 hours of childbirth. Neonates were examined thoroughly after birth to exclude any congenital malfor- mation or other systemic diseases. Birth weight was taken soon after birth. Gestational age was assessed from maternal history and antenatal ultrasound, and clinically corroborated after birth by the New Ballard Score.18 Neo- nates were observed for development of any complications during the hospital stay and managed as per our unit protocol.