INTRODUCTION
As in most resource-limited countries, widespread screening is not conducted in Pakistan for many important infections and metabolic diseases during pregnancy and in newborn, including syphilis, HIV, gonorrhea, Chlamydia and inborn error of metabolism.1 In addition, Pakistan has one of the highest fertility rates of any country in the world.2 Syphilis in pregnant women is associated with low birth weight, prematurity, and intrauterine death.3 Syphilis also has potential association between syphilis seropositivity and miscarriage.4
Active syphilis infection in developed countries is rare. But the high magnitude of the problems associated with congenital syphilis is still reported in part of the world where the traditional venereal disease has not been controlled, such as remote areas of Pakistan.5
Treponema pallidum (TP) is a spirochaete bacterium and the main species of medical importance that causes syphilis. Pathogenic treponemes are found in the lesions of syphilis.5 The treponemes are highly infectious and saprophytic treponemes can be found on mucous membranes in the mouth, genital tract and also in skin ulcers.6 Acquired syphilis which is transmitted congenitally or sexually has primary, secondary, or tertiary stages.7 In congenital syphilis, an untreated mother with syphilis infects her unborn fetus. The treponemes pass through the placenta in the blood. The fetus is infected with T.P that can complicate early pregnancy.8
However, certain risk factors associated with a high prevalence of syphilis include maternal age, husband’s occupation, , late antenatal care, illiteracy, unemployment, habitual drug use, husband’s habitual drug use, husband’s extramarital relation, and unscreened blood transfusion.8,9
The true burden of syphilis in our country is unknown. The main reasons are that the mothers are mostly asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms, lack of awareness about such diseases, inadequate facilities for screening tests or their high cost, poor access to a health facility and nonexistence of surveillance systems.9,10
The present study was designed to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors for syphilis in women with recurrent miscarriages attending Gyn & Obsc Clinic of Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sukkur with history of recurrent miscarriages.
INTRODUCTION
As in most resource-limited countries, widespread screening is not conducted in Pakistan for many important infections and metabolic diseases during pregnancy and in newborn, including syphilis, HIV, gonorrhea, Chlamydia and inborn error of metabolism.1 In addition, Pakistan has one of the highest fertility rates of any country in the world.2 Syphilis in pregnant women is associated with low birth weight, prematurity, and intrauterine death.3 Syphilis also has potential association between syphilis seropositivity and miscarriage.4
Active syphilis infection in developed countries is rare. But the high magnitude of the problems associated with congenital syphilis is still reported in part of the world where the traditional venereal disease has not been controlled, such as remote areas of Pakistan.5
Treponema pallidum (TP) is a spirochaete bacterium and the main species of medical importance that causes syphilis. Pathogenic treponemes are found in the lesions of syphilis.5 The treponemes are highly infectious and saprophytic treponemes can be found on mucous membranes in the mouth, genital tract and also in skin ulcers.6 Acquired syphilis which is transmitted congenitally or sexually has primary, secondary, or tertiary stages.7 In congenital syphilis, an untreated mother with syphilis infects her unborn fetus. The treponemes pass through the placenta in the blood. The fetus is infected with T.P that can complicate early pregnancy.8
However, certain risk factors associated with a high prevalence of syphilis include maternal age, husband’s occupation, , late antenatal care, illiteracy, unemployment, habitual drug use, husband’s habitual drug use, husband’s extramarital relation, and unscreened blood transfusion.8,9
The true burden of syphilis in our country is unknown. The main reasons are that the mothers are mostly asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms, lack of awareness about such diseases, inadequate facilities for screening tests or their high cost, poor access to a health facility and nonexistence of surveillance systems.9,10
The present study was designed to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors for syphilis in women with recurrent miscarriages attending Gyn & Obsc Clinic of Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sukkur with history of recurrent miscarriages.
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