Abstract
Mycorrhizae, or "fungus-roots," involve the intimate association of plant roots with specialized soil fungi. Forest - tree seedlings depend upon their mycorrhizae for ade - quate nutrient uptake; those lacking mycorrhizae can be severely stunted and their growth in newly sown beds uneven. Nursery managers should avoid practices that cause mycorrhiza deficiency. For example, because soil fumigation destroys mycorrhizal fungus populations, al - ternative pest-control measures should be substituted whenever possible . Careful seedling manipulations and handling also will reduce damage to mycorrhizae. Soil disturbance should only be necessary to meet manage - ment goals so as to minimize disruption of delicate fungus - soil networks. Fertilization can both foster an d inhibit mycorrhiza development; appropriate levels are best de - termined by experience. The integrated use of mycorrhiza- management tools with other cultural practices and the