high because the groups were heterogeneous (especially in terms of age, which certainly influences muscle mass). Long-term exercise is needed to reduce the lifetime risk of falls and fall-related fractures in elderly adults. However, because our exercise program was relatively easy for subjects (mean age 74.2 years) to continue, we believe that it could be continued without any difficulty.
TUG, which consists mainly of chair-rising, walking, turning, and sitting, is known to be a reliable and valid test for quantifying functional mobility.19 However, the results for TUG were not improved by WBV exercise plus squat training compared with WBV exercise alone, suggesting that our exercise program may not be useful for turning actions in patients with locomotive disorders such as knee osteoarthritis or spondylosis.