The water immersion technique, however, allowed the mice toreach the target temperature at a more controlled rate, and to maintain the temperature with very little variations both in the brain and rectum. The changes of rectal temperature and brain temperature were tightly coupled. The brain temperature was consistently about 0.5 ◦C higher the rectal temperature (Fig. 4B and D). In this study,the range of animals’ oxygen saturation rate was 97–99%; heart rates and respiratory rates were around 400/min, and 50/min. Animals’ respiratory rates were constant, with normoxic maintained throughout the procedure