The process of globalization, including immigration, has grown rapidly during what
Williamson (2002) has called “the second global century” (1950-2002). In fact,
Bodvarsson and Van den Berg (2013) report that roughly four percent of the world’s
population now live in countries where they were not born. Migration to and within
Europe has increased dramatically since the fall of the Berlin wall and subsequent
enlargement of the European Union. However, this process has not been without
its critics as vocal segments of the population feel threatened by the input
substituting effects of immigration and by the failure of states to compensate anypotential losers. For example, Spanish hostility toward recent low-skilled
immigrants and liberal immigration policy is reported by Martínez i Coma and
Duval-Hernández (2009).