The model physics included Kain–Fritsch scheme (Kain and Fritsch, 1993) for convection, WRF single moment (WSM3) scheme for cloud microphysics, NOAH scheme (Chen et al., 2001) for land surface processes, RRTM scheme (Mlawer et al., 1997) for long wave radiation and Dudhia scheme for shortwave radiation. No convection scheme was employed for the fine domains 3 and 4.