The PV-DCBM-based system also has some disadvantages:
1) the PVmodule-integrated dc–dc converters are operatingwith
strong daily fluctuating ambient temperatures in a wide range,
for example, from –20 ◦C to+70 ◦C, that is challenging reliability;
and 2) the output power of each PV module flow through the
corresponding high step-up dc–dc converter and the centralized
inverter. Therefore, the converter efficiency generally is lower
than the single-stage PV power systems, such as the centralized
system, as shown in Fig. 1(a).