•Business units knowledge alignment: business units alignmentrefers to the integration, sharing and collaboration of multiplebusiness units in terms of knowledge in order to deliver a productor a service.•Ontology matching: ontology matching refers to the determi-nation of relationships and correspondences between variousknowledge concepts that are incorporated in ontologies.•Business knowledge reasoning analysis & representation: it refersto the tools for business knowledge reasoning analysis and rep-resentation.ATHENA Interoperability Framework and Enterprise Interop-erability Framework focus on knowledge sharing and knowledgerepositories, business units knowledge alignment, and ontol-ogy matching sub-areas in knowledge interoperability issue.Interoperability Development for Enterprise Application and Soft-ware Framework addresses business units knowledge alignmentand ontology matching sub-areas. The GridWise InteroperabilityContext-Setting Framework only focuses ontology matching inknowledge interoperability issue. Table 7 shows the mapping ofknowledge interoperability sub-areas to E-business Interoperabil-ity Framework.4.8. Services interoperabilityServices interoperability can be defined as the ability of an enter-prise to dynamically register, aggregate and consume compositeservices of an external source, such as a business partner or aninternet-based service provider, in seamless manner (Koussouriset al., 2011; Papazoglou, 2008). The services interoperabilityincludes the following sub-areas:•Automatic service discovery and description: automatic servicediscovery, description, composition, negotiation refers to tools,methodologies and infrastructures enabling the automatic dis-covery of services offered by enterprises and the dynamiccomposition of them in order to conduct business in an auto-mated manner with no extra modification in the enterprisesystems.•Service co-design: service co-design in an enterprise involves theindividuals from all levels of an organization in the innovationprocess—empowering them as co-designers of service conceptsso they can develop a more cohesive experience at the point ofuse.•Service level agreements alignment: a service-level agreement(SLA) is a contract between a network service provider and a cus-tomer that specifies, usually in measurable terms, what servicesthe network service provider will furnish.•Enterprise mashups: an enterprise mashup, also referred to asa business mashup, is an application that combines data frommultiple internal and public sources and publishes the resultsto enterprise portals, application development tools, or as aservice in an SOA cloud. Enterprise mashups must also inter-operate with enterprise application technologies for security,governance, monitoring, and availability.•Service orchestration: service orchestration refers to the composi-tion of processes from existing services. An orchestration definesexternal interactions as well as internal actions. External inter-actions include invoking other services and receiving incomingmessages; internal actions include data transformations and cal-culations.•Service choreography: a choreography describes service interac-tions from the perspective of an external observer, seeing onlywhat is happening in the services’ interfaces. It does not describewhat is happening inside a participating service.In service interoperability issue, all of the E-business Inter-operability Framework focus on automatic service discovery anddescription and service co-design sub-areas. Service level agree-ments alignment, enterprise mashups, and service choreographysub-areas are not supported by any of the E-business Interoper-ability Framework. The sub-area of service orchestration in serviceinteroperability issue is only considered by ATHENA Interoper-ability Framework. The E-business Interoperability Framework andservice interoperability matrix is presented in Table 8.4.9. Social networks interoperabilitySocial networks interoperability refers to the ability of enter-prises to seamlessly interconnect and utilize social networks forcollaboration purposes, by aligning their internal structure to thefundamental aspects of the social networks (Abel et al., 2009;Koussouris et al., 2011). Sub-area of social networks interoperabil-ity is as follows