Introduction
Tori are benign anatomical bony prominences
occurring in the hard palate and the lingual
aspect of the mandible. Although they are
generally asymptomatic, surgical intervention
may be required in some cases for prosthodontic
purposes.
1
Currently, tori are considered to be
an interplay of genetic and environmental factors
with a familial occurrence suggesting autosomal
dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance.
2
Suzuki and Saki
10 suggested the two anomalies
are due to the same autosomal dominant gene.
This is supported by the study of Johnson et
al.11 who found about 85% of children with torus
mandibularis or torus palatinus had at least one
parent with one or the other anomaly. They are
not part of the Gardener syndrome.
A recent study3
revealed torus palatinus
in association with other factors can be
considered in the decision for testing bone
density in otherwise normal postmenopausal
women. On the other hand, the prevalence of
torus mandibularis and parafunctional activity
was reported to be higher in patients with
temporomandibular joint disorders than in
controls.
4
The occurrence of tori in various ethnic groups
ranges from 9% to 66%. Even between similar
ethnic groups living in different environments,
different figures have been reported. The
prevalence of torus mandibularis among whites
and blacks ranges from 8% to 16% and shows no
sex difference.
2,3,5 The prevalence is a little higher
among Orientals and highest among Eskimos
reaching up to 40%9
with a significant difference
in gender up to 25.3% in Eskimo females but only
13.3% in Eskimo males.
Torus palatinus does not show wide ethnic
variations in the prevalence ranging between
20% and 30%, except a very low prevalence in
South American Indians.
11 It is, however, twice
as frequent in females as in males.
2,4 Summers
found a prevalence of 28.5% in females. Both tori
are found to be associated in 3% to 8% of cases.
6
Torus mandibularis is covered by an extremely
thin layer of soft tissue and for that reason they
may be easily irritated by slight movement of
thedenture base in an edentulous mouth.10 Torus
mandibularis presents many challenges when
fabricating a complete denture for a patient. The
mucosa tends to be thin and will not tolerate the
occlusal loading of a denture. Large mandibular
tori may prevent complete seating of impression
trays and the finished denture. Large undercuts
in a torus may lock the denture into place or
preclude the fabrication of a lingual flange in
the area.
10 Similarly torus palatinus can be
annoying to complete or partial denture patients.
This is especially true if the prosthesis exceeds
a tolerable size which then can interfere with
proper seating leading to tissue inflammation.
Discoloration of tori may be of concern to the
patient as a case was presented involving a
patient with minocyclin-induced staining of torus
palatinus and alveolar bone.
26
This study aims to determine the prevalence
of tori in edentulous Jordanian adults, the sex
variation in their distribution, and their clinical
aspects. There are no studies yet on tori in this
ethnic group. There is a need to compare our
findings with other surveys to form baseline data
IntroductionTori are benign anatomical bony prominencesoccurring in the hard palate and the lingualaspect of the mandible. Although they aregenerally asymptomatic, surgical interventionmay be required in some cases for prosthodonticpurposes.1 Currently, tori are considered to bean interplay of genetic and environmental factorswith a familial occurrence suggesting autosomaldominant inheritance with reduced penetrance.2Suzuki and Saki10 suggested the two anomaliesare due to the same autosomal dominant gene.This is supported by the study of Johnson etal.11 who found about 85% of children with torusmandibularis or torus palatinus had at least oneparent with one or the other anomaly. They arenot part of the Gardener syndrome.A recent study3 revealed torus palatinusin association with other factors can beconsidered in the decision for testing bonedensity in otherwise normal postmenopausalwomen. On the other hand, the prevalence oftorus mandibularis and parafunctional activitywas reported to be higher in patients withtemporomandibular joint disorders than incontrols.4The occurrence of tori in various ethnic groupsranges from 9% to 66%. Even between similarethnic groups living in different environments,different figures have been reported. Theprevalence of torus mandibularis among whitesand blacks ranges from 8% to 16% and shows nosex difference.2,3,5 The prevalence is a little higheramong Orientals and highest among Eskimosreaching up to 40%9 with a significant differencein gender up to 25.3% in Eskimo females but only13.3% in Eskimo males.Torus palatinus does not show wide ethnicvariations in the prevalence ranging between20% and 30%, except a very low prevalence inSouth American Indians.11 It is, however, twiceas frequent in females as in males.2,4 Summersfound a prevalence of 28.5% in females. Both toriare found to be associated in 3% to 8% of cases.6Torus mandibularis is covered by an extremelythin layer of soft tissue and for that reason theymay be easily irritated by slight movement ofthedenture base in an edentulous mouth.10 Torusmandibularis presents many challenges whenfabricating a complete denture for a patient. Themucosa tends to be thin and will not tolerate theocclusal loading of a denture. Large mandibulartori may prevent complete seating of impressiontrays and the finished denture. Large undercutsin a torus may lock the denture into place orpreclude the fabrication of a lingual flange inthe area.10 Similarly torus palatinus can beannoying to complete or partial denture patients.This is especially true if the prosthesis exceedsa tolerable size which then can interfere withproper seating leading to tissue inflammation.Discoloration of tori may be of concern to thepatient as a case was presented involving apatient with minocyclin-induced staining of toruspalatinus and alveolar bone.26This study aims to determine the prevalenceof tori in edentulous Jordanian adults, the sexvariation in their distribution, and their clinicalaspects. There are no studies yet on tori in thisethnic group. There is a need to compare ourfindings with other surveys to form baseline data
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Introduction
Tori are benign anatomical bony prominences
occurring in the hard palate and the lingual
aspect of the mandible. Although they are
generally asymptomatic, surgical intervention
may be required in some cases for prosthodontic
purposes.
1
Currently, tori are considered to be
an interplay of genetic and environmental factors
with a familial occurrence suggesting autosomal
dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance.
2
Suzuki and Saki
10 suggested the two anomalies
are due to the same autosomal dominant gene.
This is supported by the study of Johnson et
al.11 who found about 85% of children with torus
mandibularis or torus palatinus had at least one
parent with one or the other anomaly. They are
not part of the Gardener syndrome.
A recent study3
revealed torus palatinus
in association with other factors can be
considered in the decision for testing bone
density in otherwise normal postmenopausal
women. On the other hand, the prevalence of
torus mandibularis and parafunctional activity
was reported to be higher in patients with
temporomandibular joint disorders than in
controls.
4
The occurrence of tori in various ethnic groups
ranges from 9% to 66%. Even between similar
ethnic groups living in different environments,
different figures have been reported. The
prevalence of torus mandibularis among whites
and blacks ranges from 8% to 16% and shows no
sex difference.
2,3,5 The prevalence is a little higher
among Orientals and highest among Eskimos
reaching up to 40%9
with a significant difference
in gender up to 25.3% in Eskimo females but only
13.3% in Eskimo males.
Torus palatinus does not show wide ethnic
variations in the prevalence ranging between
20% and 30%, except a very low prevalence in
South American Indians.
11 It is, however, twice
as frequent in females as in males.
2,4 Summers
found a prevalence of 28.5% in females. Both tori
are found to be associated in 3% to 8% of cases.
6
Torus mandibularis is covered by an extremely
thin layer of soft tissue and for that reason they
may be easily irritated by slight movement of
thedenture base in an edentulous mouth.10 Torus
mandibularis presents many challenges when
fabricating a complete denture for a patient. The
mucosa tends to be thin and will not tolerate the
occlusal loading of a denture. Large mandibular
tori may prevent complete seating of impression
trays and the finished denture. Large undercuts
in a torus may lock the denture into place or
preclude the fabrication of a lingual flange in
the area.
10 Similarly torus palatinus can be
annoying to complete or partial denture patients.
This is especially true if the prosthesis exceeds
a tolerable size which then can interfere with
proper seating leading to tissue inflammation.
Discoloration of tori may be of concern to the
patient as a case was presented involving a
patient with minocyclin-induced staining of torus
palatinus and alveolar bone.
26
This study aims to determine the prevalence
of tori in edentulous Jordanian adults, the sex
variation in their distribution, and their clinical
aspects. There are no studies yet on tori in this
ethnic group. There is a need to compare our
findings with other surveys to form baseline data
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บทนำ
Tori แบบกายวิภาคสื่อความร้อน
เกิดขึ้นในเพดานแข็งและด้านภาษา
ของขากรรไกรล่าง . ถึงแม้ว่าพวกเขาโดยทั่วไปยัง
, การผ่าตัดอาจจะต้องใช้ในบางกรณีเพื่อวิเคราะห์
.
1
ในปัจจุบัน โทริจะถือเป็นการมีอิทธิพลซึ่งกันและกันของปัจจัยทางพันธุกรรมและ
กับครอบครัวที่เกิดขึ้นแนะนำยีน
สิ่งแวดล้อมเด่นมรดกกับลดลงเพเนแทรนซ์ .
2
10 แนะนำ ซูซูกิ และ ซากิ สองมิติ
เนื่องจากเดียวกันยีนเด่นยีน
นี้ได้รับการสนับสนุนโดยการศึกษาของจอห์นสันและ
al.11 ที่พบประมาณ 85% ของเด็กกับทอรัส
mandibularis หรือปุ่มกระดูกเพดานปากมีผู้ปกครองอย่างน้อยหนึ่ง
หรือหนึ่ง ความผิดปกติอื่น ๆ พวกเขาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของคนสวน
A
study3 ล่าสุดซินโดรมเปิดเผย
palatinus ทอรัสในความสัมพันธ์กับปัจจัยอื่น ๆสามารถ
ถือว่าในการตัดสินใจการทดสอบความหนาแน่นของกระดูกในสตรีวัยทอง
อย่างอื่นปกติ บนมืออื่น ๆ , ความชุกของปุ่มกระดูกขากรรไกรล่าง และกิจกรรม parafunctional
รายงานที่จะสูงขึ้นในผู้ป่วยที่มีความผิดปกติของข้อต่อขากรรไกรมากกว่า
ร่วมคุม .
4
เกิด Tori ในกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ต่างๆ
ช่วงจาก 9 % ถึง 66 % แม้ระหว่างที่คล้ายกัน
กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์อาศัยอยู่ในสภาพแวดล้อมที่แตกต่างกัน
ตัวเลขที่แตกต่างกันได้รับการรายงาน
ของความชุกของปุ่มกระดูกขากรรไกรล่างขาวและดำช่วงจาก 8% เป็น 16% และแสดงให้เห็นว่าไม่มีความแตกต่างระหว่างเพศ
.
2,3,5 ความชุกจะสูงขึ้นอีกนิด
ระหว่างตะวันออก และสูงสุดในหมู่ชาวเอสกิโม
ถึงถึง 40 % 9
กับ
ความแตกต่างของเพศได้ถึง 253 % ในเอสกิโมหญิงแต่เพียงร้อยละ 13.3 ในเอสกิโมคน
.
ปุ่มกระดูกเพดานปากไม่แสดงหลากหลายชาติพันธุ์
รูปแบบในชุกในช่วงระหว่าง
20% และ 30% ยกเว้นความชุกต่ำมากใน South American Indians
.
11 มันเป็น , อย่างไรก็ตาม , สองครั้ง
เป็นบ่อยในเพศหญิง เช่น ในคน
2 , 4 ฤดู พบความชุกของ 28.5 % ในเพศหญิง ทั้งโทริ
จะพบว่ามีความสัมพันธ์ใน 3 % 8 %
6
กรณี
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