fire salamanders. Additionally, 13 of 33 swabs collected from live fire salamanders from the declining population in Bunderbos,
The Netherlands, in 2010 tested positive with this PCR, in con- trast to 0 of 51 swabs from fire salamanders from a stable population in Belgium. Our PCR method thus allows the rapid screening of both extant populations and archived specimens for the presence of
B. salamandrivorans–induced chytridiomycosis. Chytridiomycosis in amphibians can no longer be attributed to a single species of chytrid, but can be caused by either B. dendrobatidis or B. salamandrivorans. Our results reveal striking similarities and differences between
B. salamandrivorans and the behavior of the hypervirulent global pandemic lineage of B. dendrobatidis (18). Both fungal species share at least the following hallmarks: (i)induction of a lethal skin disease and (ii) association with mortality events and severe population decline. In contrast, it is as yet unclear to what extent B. salamandrivorans is capable of infecting a broad amphibian host range, as is the case for
B. dendrobatidis (3).However, development of erosive vs. hyperplastic/hyperkeratotic skin lesions, failure to experimentally infect midwife toads, and relatively low thermal preferences of B. salamandrivorans suggest differential host specificity of the two pathogens and possibly
a differential effect on amphibian assemblages. Because the majority of recent B. dendrobatidis surveillance worldwide is based on
the B. dendrobatidis–specific qPCR (10), it is currently impossible to estimate the extent and impact of B. salamandrivorans on amphibian populations worldwide using the B. dendrobatidis mapping framework (19). However, the emergence of the pathogenicB. salamandrivorans chytrid fungus is worrying and warrants close monitoring, urgent risk analysis, and its inclusion in anymonitoring program assessing amphibian population health.
fire salamanders. Additionally, 13 of 33 swabs collected from live fire salamanders from the declining population in Bunderbos,
The Netherlands, in 2010 tested positive with this PCR, in con- trast to 0 of 51 swabs from fire salamanders from a stable population in Belgium. Our PCR method thus allows the rapid screening of both extant populations and archived specimens for the presence of
B. salamandrivorans–induced chytridiomycosis. Chytridiomycosis in amphibians can no longer be attributed to a single species of chytrid, but can be caused by either B. dendrobatidis or B. salamandrivorans. Our results reveal striking similarities and differences between
B. salamandrivorans and the behavior of the hypervirulent global pandemic lineage of B. dendrobatidis (18). Both fungal species share at least the following hallmarks: (i)induction of a lethal skin disease and (ii) association with mortality events and severe population decline. In contrast, it is as yet unclear to what extent B. salamandrivorans is capable of infecting a broad amphibian host range, as is the case for
B. dendrobatidis (3).However, development of erosive vs. hyperplastic/hyperkeratotic skin lesions, failure to experimentally infect midwife toads, and relatively low thermal preferences of B. salamandrivorans suggest differential host specificity of the two pathogens and possibly
a differential effect on amphibian assemblages. Because the majority of recent B. dendrobatidis surveillance worldwide is based on
the B. dendrobatidis–specific qPCR (10), it is currently impossible to estimate the extent and impact of B. salamandrivorans on amphibian populations worldwide using the B. dendrobatidis mapping framework (19). However, the emergence of the pathogenicB. salamandrivorans chytrid fungus is worrying and warrants close monitoring, urgent risk analysis, and its inclusion in anymonitoring program assessing amphibian population health.
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