Quotable: Herbert J. Bowsher on public opinion in the Vietnam war
Thursday, January 28th 2016
Academic and policy discussions of Public Diplomacy, foreign policy, and the media often look back to the war in Vietnam. The Joint U.S. Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO) in Saigon, which briefed the media daily – the popular term for the briefings was the “Five O’Clock Follies” – was led by USIA legend Barry Zorthian.
Marine Corps Major Herbert J. Bowsher stepped into this contentious past and recapped “10 Lessons of Vietnam” for a new generation of Marines. The whole article in the November, 2015, issue of Marine Corps Gazette, is worth reading, especially by information officers at embassies and public affairs advisors in State Department bureaus. Here’s his Lesson 6, “Understand the Strategic Center of Gravity":
American military leadership in Vietnam did not seem to comprehend the importance of public opinion in that particular conflict. As the casualty numbers rose, it became steadily apparent that every soldier or Marine killed in action came at a cost in American support for the war. The Tet Offensive illustrated that the support of the American public was the strategic center of gravity. The overall impression that this offensive created was that U.S. forces were fighting from a position of weakness. The perception of allied forces as being on the defensive and the large number of casualties despite the military defeat of the enemy led to the American people’s loss of confidence in the military strategy in Vietnam. Had military leaders understood the strategic center of gravity of this conflict prior to committing large numbers of U.S. forces in 1965, they would have turned against a strategy of attrition with conventional American units in the lead. Any intelligent planner should have anticipated that such a strategy would be accompanied by unacceptably large human losses, particularly if that planner had the advantage of an understanding of the enemy’s will. The strategic center of gravity turned out to be the support of the American public, a fact that the enemy understood and used to their advantage. Once the American public turned against the war as a result of the appalling number of American casualties, the U.S. military had run out of time to pursue a better strategy. At that point, the Communists had essentially sealed their victory.