Nanocarri-ers (e.g., nanoparticles) with surface modification are necessary forspecific targeting purpose. Several sugar ligands (e.g., galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, lactose, fructose, etc.) have provedto interact with ASGPR with various extents. Galactose has beenproved recognition of ASGPR through many in vitro and in vivo stud-ies.