This study was approved by the institutional review board (No.
9802224-B). Public health nurses explained the study objectives and
obtained consent forms from the enrolled participants before baseline
data collection. Less than 10% of the pre-post test data were collected
using a self-administered questionnaire, and the rest were obtained
through interviews by 10 research assistants. The interview consisted
of having the research staff read the questions in Taiwanese or
Mandarin to poorly educated participants. Considering the measurement
error, before the project was conducted, the research assistants
were separated into 5 pairs to interview an elder in the community
activity center, and a 90% correct response rate of inter-rater
reliability among the 5 pairs was confirmed.