The research team developed the Chronic Care Model
(CCM)10 and, with the Institute of Healthcare Improvement
(IHI), has been extensively involved in the IHI Breakthrough
Series collaboratives’ work with health care teams in attempting
to implement the CCM—which includes SMS. Through a
nominal group process, the authors used their extensive experience
in clinical and quality improvement to identify key practices
or processes that could guide clinicians or organizations in
implementing SMS. We then used these elements to guide the
literature review to identify interventions that could then be
distilled into a set of principles.