There were a few minutes
break between each assessment condition. After assessment,
the patients in the music group listened to their choice of
music via the headphones for about 30 minutes. A few
patients, less than five, did not complete the full 30 minutes
because of fatigue or severe pain. In the control group, pain
was measured at half-hour intervals, but they did not listen to
music. The music intervention was repeated on the first and
second postoperative days. The two groups of patients were
measured using the same method. All participants were given
epidural analgesia after surgery. They were also given pain
analgesia during intervention if necessary. Intervention was
carried out in the patient’s room together with normal care.