The freezing
treatment was conducted by placing apple slices in a freezer (ULT
1386-3-U41, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Asheville, USA) at 80 ± 1 C
for 12 h, and then thawed at room temperature (25 C) for 1 h. The
final moisture of apple slices treated by freezing was
4.9 ± 0.1 g water/g d.b.