In addition to examining these contributions to RCT, we address
a call in the literature to examine the unique effects of self-ratings
versus other-ratings of leadership effectiveness. Vecchio (2002)
criticized Eagly and Johnson (1990) for including self-ratings of
leadership effectiveness in their meta-analysis, as he believed “this
type of assessment is presently regarded as highly suspect in the
field of leadership research” (p. 650). Eagly and Carli (2003a)
refuted his point by arguing that ignoring self-ratings “violates the
meta-analytic principle of including a wide range of methods and
disaggregating based on method” (p. 814). Yet, in their metaanalysis,
Eagly et al. (1995) examined how the summary effect for
gender differences in leadership effectiveness varied based on rater
source, but they did not conduct hierarchical subgroup analyses to
examine the effects of each moderator separately per rater group