2.13 Plantar pressure distribution pattern in flatfoot
Aharonson et al in 1992 (91) studied the plantar pressure distribution pattern during standing in children with flexible flatfoot. They divided the plantar pressure distribution pattern of foot into three parts composed of anterior, middle, and posterior. The flatfoot group showed higher weight-bearing at the middle areas of foot. Ledoux and Hillstrom in 2002 (92) compared the plantar pressure distribution pattern during the stance phase of gait between normal arch and low arch. They reported that in low arch group had significant greatest pressure at subhallucal region with no difference of the pressure at the other regions. These results showed the abnormal of first ray mechanics in low arch feet.
2.14 Factors affect plantar pressure distribution
2.14.1 Age
Hessert et al in 2005 (34) compared foot pressure distribution between young and older adults during normal walking. They found that the older adults had lower forces and pressures under the medial foot when compared to the healthy young. Lower forces and pressures may relate with lower propulsion force during step forward.
Scott et al in 2007 (93) investigated force and pressure patterns in young and older people. They found that the older participants performed pronated feet, decreased range of motion at the ankle and the first metatarsophalangeal joints, more prevalence of hallux valgus, toe deformities and toe plantarflexor weakness, decreased plantar tactile sensitivity, and decreased magnitude of forces and pressures under the heel, metatarsophalangeal joints and hallux. The results provided age related alterations of plantar pressure pattern.
2.14.2 Body weight
Arnold et al in 2010 (94) studied the relationship between body weight and the peak with mean plantar pressure in adults during walking. They found a positive relationship between body weight and peak with mean plantar pressure through the high level of sensitivity at lesser metatarsals and heel area increasing base on body weight when measured peak pressure. The second to fifth metatarsal areas were sensitive against body weight in measured the mean pressure parameter.
2.14.3 Speed of walking
Segal et al in 2004 (95) investigated peak plantar pressure at six speeds of walking. The results showed speed and peak plantar pressure at hallux and heel areas increased in linearly. At faster speeds, plantar pressure illustrated plateau at central and medial forefoot. Lateral forefoot demonstrated least pressure and reduced when increase the speed of walking. Therefore, speed of walking influence on peak plantar pressure.
Burnfield et al in 2004 (96) examined the effect of gait velocity and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults. They found that all foot area had higher pressure except the arch and lateral metatarsal because of greater forces under the hindfoot, medial metatarsal and toes. The faster speed have an effect on plantar pressures in older adults.
Ho et al in 2010 (97) studied the effects of speed and incline slope on plantar pressure distribution during treadmill jogging. They found the different of the plantar pressure during jogging in different speeds and slopes. When the speed increases, the peak pressure of all areas increases significantly except the medial forefoot and hallux areas. The maximum force of all areas increased significantly when increases in speed except the hallux and toes areas. Adding in running slope, the peak pressure were significantly decreased at heel, medial forefoot, hallux, and toes. The maximum force were significantly decreased at heel, medial forefoot, hallux, and toes with increases significantly at lateral arch.
2.15 Ground reaction force during stance phase of walking
GRF is the force reactions from the ground to foot during stance phase of gait. Vertical ground reactions force had two peaks like a wing of butterfly. Shear forces generated by forward propulsion and braking during walking that occur the forces in anterior-posterior shear force and medial-lateral shear force depends on the position of center of mass (93) related to the position of foot (Figure 2.11).
2.13 Plantar รูปแบบการกระจายแรงกดตรงแนว
Aharonson, et al, ในปี 1992 (91) และ Hillstrom ในปี 2002 (92) subhallucal ๆ อายุHessert, et al, ในปี 2005 (34) et al, ในปี 2007 (93) pronated metatarsophalangeal แรกชุกมากขึ้นของ valgus hallux พิกลพิการเท้าและนิ้วเท้า plantarflexor ส้นเท้า, ข้อต่อและ metatarsophalangeal ฝ่าเท้า. 2.14.2 คุณตัวน้ำหนักคุณอาร์โนล, et al, ในปี 2010 (94) metatarsals หัวเรื่อง: การของความเร็วเดินซีกัลและคุณอัลในห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัดปี 2004 (95) hallux , et al, ในปี 2004 (96) hindfoot , et al, ในปี 2010 (97) hallux hallux hallux hallux 2.15 (93) ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับตำแหน่งของเท้า (รูปที่ 2.11)
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