The intervention lesson contents
To collect data about the designs of the first two interventions, an open-ended item was used in which students were asked to comment on issues they wanted to cover the following week. However, this item was not successful in providing informative data because participants made general comments such as ‘an interesting topic’ (R5) and ‘general activities’ (R8). To overcome this, after Intervention 2 the item was converted to a closed one and presented as a list of 12 speaking activities (adapted from Klippel 1984), and participants were asked to tick as many activities as they wanted for the following week. The descriptive analyses of these data indicated the types of activities that students wanted to study.
In Intervention 1, in which students wanted to study conversation gambits, a number of gambits were introduced such as ‘By the way’, ‘To my mind’, ‘To tell you the truth’ and ‘Well, let me think’, and different activities were provided in which they could practise these phrases (adapted from Keller and Warner 1988).
For the second intervention, students were divided into two groups as smokers and non-smokers. Each group put forward arguments about particular issues, then the groups were mixed and they were expected to defend their arguments and reach a consensus (adapted from Sampedro and Hillyard 2004).
The intervention lesson contentsTo collect data about the designs of the first two interventions, an open-ended item was used in which students were asked to comment on issues they wanted to cover the following week. However, this item was not successful in providing informative data because participants made general comments such as ‘an interesting topic’ (R5) and ‘general activities’ (R8). To overcome this, after Intervention 2 the item was converted to a closed one and presented as a list of 12 speaking activities (adapted from Klippel 1984), and participants were asked to tick as many activities as they wanted for the following week. The descriptive analyses of these data indicated the types of activities that students wanted to study. In Intervention 1, in which students wanted to study conversation gambits, a number of gambits were introduced such as ‘By the way’, ‘To my mind’, ‘To tell you the truth’ and ‘Well, let me think’, and different activities were provided in which they could practise these phrases (adapted from Keller and Warner 1988). For the second intervention, students were divided into two groups as smokers and non-smokers. Each group put forward arguments about particular issues, then the groups were mixed and they were expected to defend their arguments and reach a consensus (adapted from Sampedro and Hillyard 2004).
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