A fly ash supported heterogeneous CaO catalyst has been developed using waste egg shell for trans-
esterification of soybean oil to yield fuel grade biodiesel. The active metal precursor Ca(OH)
2
of the
catalyst has been economically derived from waste egg shell calcination and the mesoporous, high activ-
ity strong base catalyst has been prepared using wet-impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscope (SEM), low temperature N
2
adsorption–desorption (BET) and BJH method
studies manifested the well-dispersed presence of CaO over the fly ash framework. The specific sur-
face area of 0.701m
2
/g, pore volume of 0.0044cm
3
/g, 5.2nm pore diameter and 1.6mmolHCl/g catalyst
basicity rendered high catalyst activity which could be demonstrated through high biodiesel yield from
refined soybean oil by transesterification with methanol. A three factor–three level face centered central
composite design (FCCD) has been used to evaluate the effects of process parameters on yield of fatty
acid methyl ester (FAME). Optimal parametric values computed using response surface methodology
(RSM) corresponding to maximum (i.e. 96.97%) FAME yield were CaO loading of 30wt.%, 1.0wt.% catalyst
concentration and 6.9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. The developed catalyst exhibited higher reusability
characteristic and superior catalytic activity compared to unsupported CaO catalyst derived from egg
shell. An effective waste valorization avenue could, thus, be procreated through preparation of a novel
low cost heterogeneous catalyst from these industrial and municipal wastes for synthesis of fuel grade
biodiesel
A fly ash supported heterogeneous CaO catalyst has been developed using waste egg shell for trans-esterification of soybean oil to yield fuel grade biodiesel. The active metal precursor Ca(OH)2of thecatalyst has been economically derived from waste egg shell calcination and the mesoporous, high activ-ity strong base catalyst has been prepared using wet-impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM), low temperature N2adsorption–desorption (BET) and BJH methodstudies manifested the well-dispersed presence of CaO over the fly ash framework. The specific sur-face area of 0.701m2/g, pore volume of 0.0044cm3/g, 5.2nm pore diameter and 1.6mmolHCl/g catalystbasicity rendered high catalyst activity which could be demonstrated through high biodiesel yield fromrefined soybean oil by transesterification with methanol. A three factor–three level face centered centralcomposite design (FCCD) has been used to evaluate the effects of process parameters on yield of fattyacid methyl ester (FAME). Optimal parametric values computed using response surface methodology(RSM) corresponding to maximum (i.e. 96.97%) FAME yield were CaO loading of 30wt.%, 1.0wt.% catalystconcentration and 6.9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. The developed catalyst exhibited higher reusabilitycharacteristic and superior catalytic activity compared to unsupported CaO catalyst derived from eggshell. An effective waste valorization avenue could, thus, be procreated through preparation of a novellow cost heterogeneous catalyst from these industrial and municipal wastes for synthesis of fuel gradebiodiesel
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