Lecturing has been the predominant mode of instruction since
universities were founded in Western Europe over 900 y ago
(1). Although theories of learning that emphasize the need for
students to construct their own understanding have challenged
the theoretical underpinnings of the traditional, instructorfocused,
“teaching by telling” approach (2, 3), to date there has
been no quantitative analysis of how constructivist versus exposition-
centered methods impact student performance in undergraduate
courses across the science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In the STEM classroom,
should we ask or should we tell?
Lecturing has been the predominant mode of instruction since
universities were founded in Western Europe over 900 y ago
(1). Although theories of learning that emphasize the need for
students to construct their own understanding have challenged
the theoretical underpinnings of the traditional, instructorfocused,
“teaching by telling” approach (2, 3), to date there has
been no quantitative analysis of how constructivist versus exposition-
centered methods impact student performance in undergraduate
courses across the science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In the STEM classroom,
should we ask or should we tell?
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