(2) Internal processes:
. risk and crisis management;
. performance evaluation – goals and objectives basis;
. strategic plans – effect on growth and regularity; and
. board assessment – functions, decisions.
(3) Stakeholders:
. ethical behavior;
. legal compliance; and
. attention to stakeholders – community, student, faculty, stall.
(4) Financial:
. long-term, short term income; and
. success in organization change.
The process of developing a scorecard for evaluation of academic administration
performance is parallel to that for business management performance (Van
Grembergen, 2003).
The first step in the Board’s responsibility is to set four business-type elements:
(1) goals for the academic organization;
(2) objectives for each of the goals;
(3) measurable targets for each objective; and
(4) accountability for achieving each objective.
The process is described as requiring three steps of the Board of Trustees.
For each element, the Board sets “core objectives” as follows:
(1) objectives for each of the elements, with the Board responsible for resources;
(2) performance drivers, as cause-and-effect relationship, for each objective; and
(3) learning and growth, along with internal processes, to develop future-oriented
knowledge and skills.
Clearly, the balanced scorecard is used to define and articulate implementation of
strategies and to provide an integrated perspective on goals, targets, and measure of
performance. The Board is required:
. to define cause-and-effect relationships, and their impact on outcomes;
. to determine influence of performance drivers; and
. to assure the reliability and quality of the relationship.
After translating the vision, communicating and linking is another important step of the
balanced scorecard process. As pointed out by Stewart and Carpenter-Hubin (2000, p. 40):
Academic departments and academic support units must fully understand the macro-level
goals so that objectives and measures for their individual units are linked to those of the
entire institution. Administrators must link unit goals to macro goals in all scorecard areas,
develop strategies to achieve those goals, and allocate resources to those strategie