in the heart [43], brain and skeletal muscle. High CPK
level is associated with injury or stress to the heart [44]
which causes the enzyme to leak into the circulation.
Kim et. al study showed that antihypertensive treatments
by
Gynura procumbens
cause reduction in CPK level by
48% [17]. Our study showed that the level of CPK was not
affected by Kadukmy
™
treatment and was within the nor-
mal clinical range for rats. This finding was in accordance
to the human study that showed serum CPK level was not
associated with the control of hypertension [45].
Study limitations
Specific cardiovascular biomarkers such as creatine kinase
MB (CKMB) and troponin-i and troponin-t are better in-
dicators for hypertension status. However we observed
CPK and LDH level in our study. High-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) is also a better method of quan-
tifying of free MDA rather than TBARS methods that de-
tected only MDA bound to TBA which was used in our
study. Therefore, biomarkers that are more sensitive and
specific may be used to confirm the hypertension and oxi-
dative stress status in a future studies.
Conclusions
Kadukmy
™
rich antioxidant supplementation causes sig-
nificant reduction in the oxidative stress, increase NO
level in the blood and reduction of serum total choles-
terol that leads to reduction of endothelial dysfunction
and attenuation of blood pressure in treated compared
to untreated SHR. Thus, it contains potentially useful
properties to be assessed for human use as treatment for
hypertension.