The definition of performance in anesthesia varies dramatically– from vague (vigilance, data interpretation, plan formulation, and implementation) [1] to very technical, organized, and detailed (gathering information for preoperative evaluation, equipment preuse preparation, intra–operative checks, postoperative management, airway assessment) [2,3]. Some investigators evaluate performance in anesthesia by separating basic knowledge (gathering information) or the technical (initiating and working with protocols, reviewing checklists) from the cognitive and behavioral or affective (decisionmaking and team interaction) aspects [4,5]. This separation is based on strong analogies to performance during management of critical events in aviation, another complex and dynamic domain [5]. Most educators in anesthesia today believe it is important to measure two separate aspects of skilled performance in managing crisis situations: implementing appropriate technical actions (technical performance) and manifesting appropriate crisis solving and management of anesthesia non–technical behaviors.