Responsible Care program (King and Lenox 2000) and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Climate
Wise program (Welch, Mazur, and Bretschneider 2000) appear to have done little to
protect the environment beyond what they would have done had they not joined those programs.
Conversely, firms that joined the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 35/50
voluntary program reduced their emissions of toxic pollutants more than those that did not
(Khanna and Damon 1999). (Potoski & Prakash, 2005, p. 756)