According to EN ISO 8294 (1999), EN ISO 12193 (2004), and EN
ISO 15774 (2001), such volatile elements as Pb and Cd, must be
determined with the presence of chemical modifiers (lecithin – 2%
(m/v) for Pb, and PdCl2 – 0.1% (m/v) for Cd), while for Cu a chemical
modifier is not needed in case of the analysis of vegetable oils and
fats.