Tan and Corke(2002) showed average hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of 9 g-force, 44.9 g-force mm, 4.5 g-force and 4.1 gforce,respectively, for 63 rice varieties of Chinese origin.
The gel hardness is mainly caused by retrogradation of starch, which depends on the syneresis of water and the crystallization of amylose,leading to harder gels