The analyses of samples were carried out using a p-type coaxial
HPGe detector (EG&G Ortec; 57.5-mm crystal diameter and 51.5-mm
thickness, 30% efficiency relative to a 7.62 cm7.62 cm NaI (Tl)
detector). This was connected to an ADCAM data acquisition system,
a PCAII multichannel analyzer and Gamma Visison spectrum analyzer.
For the measurement of low level radioactivity, a counting system
retained within a well shielded arrangement is essential. Gross
reduction of background radiation was accomplished using a lead
shielding arrangement of thickness 7.5 cm. A cylindrical multi-nuclide
source (
241
Am (59.541 keV),
109
Cd (88.040 keV),
57
Co (122.061 keV;
136.474 keV),
203
Hg (279.1952 keV),
113
Sn (391.698 keV),
85
514.007 keV),
137
Cs (661.657 keV),
88
Y (898.042 keV; 1836.063 keV),
and
60
Co (1173.228 keV; 1332.492 keV)) having homogeneously distributed activity with the same volume and shape as the Marinelli
beakers containing the samples was used for detector energy calibration and efficiency determination, and the same procedure was
applied to the sample activity determination. The minimum detectable activity (MDA) for the γ-ray measurement system, at 95%
confidence level was calculated (0.7 Bq/kg for
226
Ra, 0.8 Bq/kg for
232
Th, and 2.4 Bq/kg for
40
K) according to the procedure followed by
Khandaker et al. (2012a). Each sample was counted for 12 h and
background counts for the samecounting time were deducted to
obtain the net activity.Table 3represents the situation, note being
made that some radionuclideγ-ray emission lines cannot be completely resolved by this or other typical HPGe detectors. As an
example, there is a probability of overlap of the 238.63 keVγ-line of
212
Pb and the 241.98 keV γ-line of
214
Pb. In such situations, the
emissions were separated following the procedure given in
Khandaker et al. (2012b). However, in order to reduce the error in
activity determination, only strong and independent characteristic
gamma lines (the γ-rays highlighted in bold in Table 3)ofthe
respective radionuclides were used to determine the net activity
concentrations
The analyses of samples were carried out using a p-type coaxialHPGe detector (EG&G Ortec; 57.5-mm crystal diameter and 51.5-mmthickness, 30% efficiency relative to a 7.62 cm7.62 cm NaI (Tl)detector). This was connected to an ADCAM data acquisition system,a PCAII multichannel analyzer and Gamma Visison spectrum analyzer.For the measurement of low level radioactivity, a counting systemretained within a well shielded arrangement is essential. Grossreduction of background radiation was accomplished using a leadshielding arrangement of thickness 7.5 cm. A cylindrical multi-nuclidesource (241Am (59.541 keV),109Cd (88.040 keV),57Co (122.061 keV;136.474 keV),203Hg (279.1952 keV),113Sn (391.698 keV),85514.007 keV),137Cs (661.657 keV),88Y (898.042 keV; 1836.063 keV),and60Co (1173.228 keV; 1332.492 keV)) having homogeneously distributed activity with the same volume and shape as the Marinellibeakers containing the samples was used for detector energy calibration and efficiency determination, and the same procedure wasapplied to the sample activity determination. The minimum detectable activity (MDA) for the γ-ray measurement system, at 95%confidence level was calculated (0.7 Bq/kg for226Ra, 0.8 Bq/kg for232Th, and 2.4 Bq/kg for40K) according to the procedure followed byKhandaker et al. (2012a). Each sample was counted for 12 h andbackground counts for the samecounting time were deducted toobtain the net activity.Table 3represents the situation, note beingmade that some radionuclideγ-ray emission lines cannot be completely resolved by this or other typical HPGe detectors. As anexample, there is a probability of overlap of the 238.63 keVγ-line of212Pb and the 241.98 keV γ-line of214Pb. In such situations, theemissions were separated following the procedure given inKhandaker et al. (2012b). However, in order to reduce the error inactivity determination, only strong and independent characteristicgamma lines (the γ-rays highlighted in bold in Table 3)oftherespective radionuclides were used to determine the net activityconcentrations
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