For others, the position of mid-right atrium can be marked in lateral chest wall fi rst in erect position at the mid-point of an anteroposterior line from anterior end of fourth intercostal space to back. Subsequently in reclining position, the vertical height of venous pressure can be measured from the horizontal plane of the midpoint marked at lateral chest wall to visible upper limit of JVP. Such measurement can be done in a more reliable way with venous pressure (VP) manometer with its indicator rod at the horizontal plane of mid-right atrium and with its horizontal surface at upper limit of JVP. The venous pressure manometer can also be used to measure relatively less reliable upper limb venous pressure (ULVP), as indicated by the vertical distance at which veins of upper limb collapse, especially when JVP is not visualized due to subnormal CVP as in
hypovolemia.