A culture of A. butzleri CCUG 30484 (obtained from Culture Collection, University of Göteborg, Sweden) was used in this study. The freshly grown bacteria on Tryptic soy agar plate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in aerobic condition at 30ºC for 48 h were harvested and suspended in 5 ml of physiological saline (PS) or Arcobacter basal medium (ABM, Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) to simulate relatively clean or soiled conditions, respectively. The entire experiment was conducted aerobically at optimal temperature of 30ºC.