3. If you're completely stymied and in a situation where visibility is low such as in a valley, you may need to rise above the canopy by heading part-way up a hill or ridge to get your bearings.
4. If all else fails, downstream or downhill is usually the answer if you absolutely have no other.
Of course, having a topographic map, compass, GPS unit, or just paying attention to the jungle can save you a lot of trouble.