reported that it was not possible to create a creamed mass with the use of liquid oil, thus resulting in dough lacking the proper aeration characteristics. Finally, it was noted that although large amounts of air have the ability to be incorporated into liquid oil, the incorporated air will not be retained during baking (Kamel, 1994). Therefore, the use of liquid oil in MAG gel may have resulted in cookies of greater break strength values through the several mechanisms listed above.