Settlement house[edit]Meanwhile, Ja

Settlement house[edit]
Meanwhile, Jane Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book My Religion, she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church, in the summer of 1886.[14] Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, she began to be inspired by the idea of democracy as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman. John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family.[15]

In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a settlement house. She decided to visit the world's first, Toynbee Hall, in London. She and several friends, including Ellen Gates Starr, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. After watching a bullfight in Madrid, fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls. At first, Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement house; but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream.[16] Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house.[17]

Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.[18] Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution.[19]

The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled up as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.[20]

Hull House[edit]
Main article: Hull House

Jane Addams, 1915
In 1889[21] Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr[22] co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams were able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. A number of wealthy women became important long-term donors to the House, including Helen Culver, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-free. Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.[23][24]

Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height,[25] Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. The Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Residents of Hull-house conducted investigations on housing, midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid, garbage collection, cocaine, and truancy. Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art gallery, a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.[26] Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club).

One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at Hull house allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and interculturalism.[26]

With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the Chicago Public Library, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.[27]

Neighborhood[edit]
The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) [...] The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted, and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the Canadian–French to the northwest."[28] Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood [...] from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as Little Italy.[29] Greeks and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in 1963.[30]

Hull House became America's best known settlement house. Addams used it to generate system-directed change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be improved.[31] The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses.

Ethics[edit]
Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."[32] Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including William Lyon Mackenzie King, a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new Progressive Pa

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

การชำระเงินบ้าน [แก้ไข]ในขณะเดียวกัน เจนอัดดัมส์รวบรวมแรงบันดาลใจจากสิ่งที่เธออ่าน โดยช่วงหลังคริสเตียนและของ Tolstoy จองศาสนาของฉัน เธอถูกรับบัพติสมาเป็นคริสเตียนใน Cedarville Presbyterian คริสตจักร ในฤดูร้อนของ 1886 [14] อ่านจูเซ Mazzini หน้าที่ของคน เธอเริ่มจะเป็นแรงบันดาลใจความคิดประชาธิปไตยเป็นอุดมคติทางสังคม แต่ เธอรู้สึกสับสนเกี่ยวกับบทบาทของเธอเป็นผู้หญิง จอห์นสจ๊วตมิลล์กวาดของผู้หญิงได้คำถามของเธอดันสังคมในผู้หญิงที่จะแต่งงาน และอุทิศชีวิตเพื่อครอบครัว [15]ในฤดูร้อนของ 1887 แอดดัมส์อ่านในนิตยสารเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดใหม่ของบ้านชำระเงินเริ่มต้น เธอตัดสินใจไปในโลกแรก Toynbee ศาลา ลอนดอน เธอและเพื่อนหลาย เอลเลนประตูงโกสตาร์ รวมทั้งเดินทางในยุโรปจาก 1887 ธันวาคมผ่านฤดูร้อนของ 1888 หลังจากดู bullfight ในกรุงมาดริด ตื่นตาตื่นใจ โดยสิ่งที่เธอเห็นเป็นประเพณีแปลกใหม่ แอดดัมส์ประณามเสน่ห์นี้และเธอไม่รู้สึก outraged ที่ทุกข์ของม้าและวัว ครั้งแรก แอดดัมส์บอกไม่เกี่ยวกับความฝันของเธอเริ่มต้นชำระบ้าน แต่ เธอรู้สึกผิดมากขึ้นสำหรับการไม่กระทำการในความฝันของเธอ [16] เชื่อว่าที่แบ่งปันความฝันของเธออาจช่วยให้เธอ เธอบอกงโกสตาร์ประตูเอลเลน งโกสตาร์รักความคิด และตกลงที่จะร่วมอัดดัมส์ในบ้านการชำระเงินเริ่มต้น [17]Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.[18] Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution.[19]The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled up as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.[20]Hull House[edit]Main article: Hull HouseJane Addams, 1915In 1889[21] Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr[22] co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams were able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. A number of wealthy women became important long-term donors to the House, including Helen Culver, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-free. Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.[23][24]Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height,[25] Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. The Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Residents of Hull-house conducted investigations on housing, midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid, garbage collection, cocaine, and truancy. Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art gallery, a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.[26] Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club).One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at Hull house allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and interculturalism.[26]With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the Chicago Public Library, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.[27]
Neighborhood[edit]
The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) [...] The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted, and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the Canadian–French to the northwest."[28] Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood [...] from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as Little Italy.[29] Greeks and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in 1963.[30]

Hull House became America's best known settlement house. Addams used it to generate system-directed change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be improved.[31] The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses.

Ethics[edit]
Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."[32] Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including William Lyon Mackenzie King, a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new Progressive Pa

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

นิคมบ้าน [ แก้ไข ]
ในขณะที่เจน Addams ที่รวบรวมแรงบันดาลใจจากสิ่งที่เธออ่าน หลงใหลคริสต์และหนังสือตอลสตอยเป็นศาสนาของฉัน เธอถูกบัพติศมาเป็นคริสเตียนในโบสถ์เพรสไบทีเรียนซีเดอร์วิลล์ ในฤดูร้อนของ 1886 . [ 14 ] อ่านจูเซปเป มาซซินี หน้าที่ของมนุษย์ เธอเริ่มที่จะได้รับแรงบันดาลใจจากแนวคิดของประชาธิปไตยเป็นอุดมคติทางสังคมเธอยังรู้สึกสับสนเกี่ยวกับบทบาทของเธอในฐานะผู้หญิง จอห์นสจ๊วตมิลล์ในที่ลับตาของผู้หญิงได้ถามเธอแรงกดดันทางสังคมที่ผู้หญิงที่จะแต่งงาน และอุทิศชีวิตเพื่อครอบครัว [ 15 ]

ในฤดูร้อนของ 1887 Addams อ่านในนิตยสารเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดใหม่ของการเริ่มต้นนิคมบ้าน เธอตัดสินใจที่จะเข้าสู่โลกครั้งแรก ทอยน์บี ฮอลล์ ใน ลอนดอน เธอและเพื่อน ๆหลาย ๆรวมทั้งเอลเลนเกทสตาร์ , เดินทางในยุโรปจากธันวาคม 1887 ผ่านฤดูร้อนของ 1 . หลังจากดูสู้วัวกระทิงในมาดริด , หลงใหล สิ่งที่เธอเห็นเป็นประเพณีที่แปลกใหม่ และเสน่ห์นี้ไม่สามารถดัมส์ประณามหล่อนรู้สึกโกรธแค้นในความทุกข์ทรมานของม้าและวัว ตอนแรก อดัมส์บอกไม่มีใครเกี่ยวกับความฝันของเธอจะเริ่มต้นการชําระเงิน บ้าน แต่เธอรู้สึกผิดมากขึ้น ไม่ทำ ความฝันของเธอ . [ 16 ] เชื่อว่าการแบ่งปันความฝันของเธอจะช่วยให้เธอทำ เธอก็บอก เอลเลน เกทส์ สตาร์ สตาร์รักความคิดและเห็นด้วยกับ Addams ในการเริ่มต้นการตั้งถิ่นฐานบ้าน [ 17 ]

แอดดัมส์ และอีกเพื่อนเดินทางไปลอนดอนโดยไม่สตาร์ที่กำลัง [ 18 ] เยี่ยมชมทอยน์บีฮอลล์ อดัมส์ ถูกมนต์สะกด