In the alkaline pretreatment of WAS, the most damage
of bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), cell walls, cell membranes, and cell nuclei occurred at
pH 11.5–12.0 (46.2%), pH 11.0–11.5 (27.3%), pH 9.0–10.0 (34.2%), and pH 11.5–12.0 (44.4%), respectively.