The analysis indicated that an important contamination mechanism was fecal pollution of the contributing groundwater, which was unlikely due to the presence of latrines; instead, infiltration from contaminated surface water was more probable.
The reduction in fecal sources in the environment in Juba is thus
recommended, for example, through constructing latrines or designating protection areas near water sources.
The study results contribute to the understanding of microbiological contamination of groundwater sources in areas with low in comes and high population densities, tropical climates and weathered basement complex environments, which are common in urban sub-Saharan Africa.