122. Japan asserts that lethal sampling is “indispensable” to JARPA II’s first two objectives, relating to ecosystem monitoring and multi-species competition modelling. The JARPA II Research Plan explains that the third objective will rely on “genetic and biological markers” taken from whales that have been lethally sampled in connection with the first two objectives, as well as non-lethal methods, namely biopsy sampling from blue, fin and humpback whales.