In the case of digital transmission, a standard monochrome television picture is
sampled over a grid of 512 × 480 elements called pixels. Eight bits are required
to represent 256 shades of the gray display. To display motion, 30 frames are
sampled per second; thus, it requires about 59 Mb/s (512 × 480 × 8 × 30 =
58,982,400). Color transmission requires even higher bandwidth (on the order
of 90 Mb/s).
Wireless technology has been expanding very fast, with new applications
reported every day. In addition to the traditional applications in communication,
such as radio and television, RF and microwave signals are being used in
cordless phones, cellular communication, local, wide, and metropolitan area networks
and personal communication service. Keyless door entry, radio-frequency
identification (RFID), monitoring of patients in a hospital or a nursing home,
and cordless mice or keyboards for computers are some of the other areas where
RF technology is being used. Although some of these applications have traditionally
used infrared (IR) technology, current trends favor RF, because RF is
superior to infrared technology in many ways. Unlike RF, infrared technology
requires unobstructed line-of-sight connection. Although RF devices have been
more expensive than IR, the current trend is downward because of an increase
in their production and use.
The electromagnetic frequency spectrum is divided into bands as shown in
Table 1.2. Hence, AM radio transmission operates in the medium-frequency (MF)
band, television channels 2 to 12 operate in the very high frequency (VHF) band,
and channels 18 to 90 operate in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band. Table 1.3
shows the band designations in the microwave frequency range.
In addition to natural and human-made changes, electrical characteristics of
the atmosphere affect the propagation of electrical signals. Figure 1.1 shows
In the case of digital transmission, a standard monochrome television picture is
sampled over a grid of 512 × 480 elements called pixels. Eight bits are required
to represent 256 shades of the gray display. To display motion, 30 frames are
sampled per second; thus, it requires about 59 Mb/s (512 × 480 × 8 × 30 =
58,982,400). Color transmission requires even higher bandwidth (on the order
of 90 Mb/s).
Wireless technology has been expanding very fast, with new applications
reported every day. In addition to the traditional applications in communication,
such as radio and television, RF and microwave signals are being used in
cordless phones, cellular communication, local, wide, and metropolitan area networks
and personal communication service. Keyless door entry, radio-frequency
identification (RFID), monitoring of patients in a hospital or a nursing home,
and cordless mice or keyboards for computers are some of the other areas where
RF technology is being used. Although some of these applications have traditionally
used infrared (IR) technology, current trends favor RF, because RF is
superior to infrared technology in many ways. Unlike RF, infrared technology
requires unobstructed line-of-sight connection. Although RF devices have been
more expensive than IR, the current trend is downward because of an increase
in their production and use.
The electromagnetic frequency spectrum is divided into bands as shown in
Table 1.2. Hence, AM radio transmission operates in the medium-frequency (MF)
band, television channels 2 to 12 operate in the very high frequency (VHF) band,
and channels 18 to 90 operate in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band. Table 1.3
shows the band designations in the microwave frequency range.
In addition to natural and human-made changes, electrical characteristics of
the atmosphere affect the propagation of electrical signals. Figure 1.1 shows
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