In many neighborhoods, random violence makes the normal development of independence extremely dangerous. Older children may join gangs as a means of self-protection and a way to attain recognition and belong to a cohesive group. Children who bully others, and/or are victims of bullying, should be evaluated, since this behavior is associated with mood disorders, family problems, and school adjustment problems. Parents should reduce exposure to hazards where pos- sible. Due to the risk of unintentional firearm injuries to children, parents should be encouraged to ask parents of playmates whether a gun is kept in their home and, if so, how it is secured. The high prevalence of adjustment disorders among school-aged children attests to the effects of such overwhelming stressors on development.