The transformation of the shrimp industry from one based on
wild harvest from the oceans to intensified culture in coastal
ponds has involved changes at multiple levels affecting many
different actors (Fig. 1). In this paper we focused on what drove
a switch from one species to another and the consequences
this had for the environment and farmers (Fig. 4). The systems
innovation approach helped clarify several issues hinted at in
earlier studies about the shrimp aquaculture industry.
The substitution of the native black tiger shrimp niche by
the exotic white shrimp niche was triggered by problems with
disease management within the Thai regime and an increasingly
competitive global landscape concerned with environmental
impacts and consumer health (Fig. 4). Support from a
key vertically integrated major firm, an extensive foundation
of learning networks within the industry, and early profitability
accelerated the scaling-up and embedding of the
experiment with white shrimp once the formal ban on import
of exotic brood-stock was lifted.
Recent studies suggest that the interactions between
niches, regimes and landscapes may be more complex than
the hierarchical emphasis implied in the original presentations
of the framework (Geels and Schot, 2007; Smith, 2007).
Landscapes and regimes for example may shape what types of
niche emerge. The socio-technical regime for producing
shrimp in Thailand involving quasi-public research institutions
and a single large firm for more than a decade focused on
producing better black tiger shrimp (Lebel et al., 2009). The
niches explored within Thailand were constrained by the
successful, incumbent, socio-technical regime. It took a
combination of factors at different levels to bring about an
opportunity for another niche based on white shrimp to be
explored—albeit at first, illegally. Disturbances to the regime
within Thailand in the form of disease outbreaks and declining
growth of wild capture shrimp interacted with landscape
variables, like increasing competitiveness of alternative
suppliers, and the availability of an alternative technological
niche that could rapidly be adapted for Thai conditions (Fig. 4).
The switch in species had significant consequences for the
environment, industry structure and consumers. Using life
cycle analysis we found that rearing white shrimp requires
fewer resources and produces less waste than black shrimp
(Tables 1 and 2). The differences are substantial: rearing black
shrimp uses 9 times as much land and 3 times the volume of
water as white shrimp. Moreover white shrimp feed formulae
require less fish meal reducing impacts on ocean-catches and
overall the production is more efficient at converting feed into
shrimp meat. On the other hand white shrimp are exotic and
the consequences of escapes of white shrimp on natural
biodiversity, for example, through spread of diseases to native
species are not yet well understood. The shift in regime made
it more difficult for small farms and hatchery businesses, but
helped reduce prices for consumers. Standards, best practice
guidelines and certification schemes were part of the
aggregation process that favoured white over black shrimp
Fig. 4
The transformation of the shrimp industry from one based on
wild harvest from the oceans to intensified culture in coastal
ponds has involved changes at multiple levels affecting many
different actors (Fig. 1). In this paper we focused on what drove
a switch from one species to another and the consequences
this had for the environment and farmers (Fig. 4). The systems
innovation approach helped clarify several issues hinted at in
earlier studies about the shrimp aquaculture industry.
The substitution of the native black tiger shrimp niche by
the exotic white shrimp niche was triggered by problems with
disease management within the Thai regime and an increasingly
competitive global landscape concerned with environmental
impacts and consumer health (Fig. 4). Support from a
key vertically integrated major firm, an extensive foundation
of learning networks within the industry, and early profitability
accelerated the scaling-up and embedding of the
experiment with white shrimp once the formal ban on import
of exotic brood-stock was lifted.
Recent studies suggest that the interactions between
niches, regimes and landscapes may be more complex than
the hierarchical emphasis implied in the original presentations
of the framework (Geels and Schot, 2007; Smith, 2007).
Landscapes and regimes for example may shape what types of
niche emerge. The socio-technical regime for producing
shrimp in Thailand involving quasi-public research institutions
and a single large firm for more than a decade focused on
producing better black tiger shrimp (Lebel et al., 2009). The
niches explored within Thailand were constrained by the
successful, incumbent, socio-technical regime. It took a
combination of factors at different levels to bring about an
opportunity for another niche based on white shrimp to be
explored—albeit at first, illegally. Disturbances to the regime
within Thailand in the form of disease outbreaks and declining
growth of wild capture shrimp interacted with landscape
variables, like increasing competitiveness of alternative
suppliers, and the availability of an alternative technological
niche that could rapidly be adapted for Thai conditions (Fig. 4).
The switch in species had significant consequences for the
environment, industry structure and consumers. Using life
cycle analysis we found that rearing white shrimp requires
fewer resources and produces less waste than black shrimp
(Tables 1 and 2). The differences are substantial: rearing black
shrimp uses 9 times as much land and 3 times the volume of
water as white shrimp. Moreover white shrimp feed formulae
require less fish meal reducing impacts on ocean-catches and
overall the production is more efficient at converting feed into
shrimp meat. On the other hand white shrimp are exotic and
the consequences of escapes of white shrimp on natural
biodiversity, for example, through spread of diseases to native
species are not yet well understood. The shift in regime made
it more difficult for small farms and hatchery businesses, but
helped reduce prices for consumers. Standards, best practice
guidelines and certification schemes were part of the
aggregation process that favoured white over black shrimp
Fig. 4
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