The F (Infrequency) scale measures the extent to which a person answers in an atypical and deviant manner. The MMPI and MMPI-2 F scale items were selected based on their endorsement by less than 10% of the population. Thus, from a statistical definition, they reflect nonconventional thinking. For example, a response is scored if the client answers "True" to item 49, "It would be better if almost all laws were thrown away" or "False" to 64, "I like to visit places where I have never been before." However, the items do not co- here around any particular trait or syndrome. This indicates that a client who scores high is answering in a scorable direction to a wide variety of unusual characteristics. As might be expected, high scores on F are typically accompanied by high scores on many of the clinical scales. High scores can often be used as a general indicator of pathology. In particular, high scores can reflect unusual feelings caused by some specific life circumstance to which the person is reacting. This might include grieving, job loss, or divorce. A person scoring high may also be "faking bad," which could serve to invalidate the protocol. No exact cutoff score is available to determine whether a profile is invalid or is accurately reflecting pathology. Even T scores from 70 to 90 do not necessarily reflect an invalid profile, particularly among prison or inpatient populations. In general, moderate elevations represent an openness to unusual experiences and possible psycho- pathology, but it is not until more extreme elevations that an invalid profile is suspected. Further information can be obtained by consulting the F back scale (see sections on F back or Fh).